Introduction
The Middle-East is referred to as the land of oil. The Middle-East’s natural resources have contributed to its rising geopolitical significance. The oil politics shaped the bilateral relations and foreign policy. It should be taken into account that Middle Eastern countries international politics are shaped by oil politics. The impact of natural resources has raised the worldwide values of Middle Eastern nations such as the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait. Natural resource oil is the most important product in the Middle-East. The new oil politics will be discovered in this chapter. This chapter will determine if the impact of oil on world politics today is greater or less. A widespread belief is that oil is a political commodity. Given its critical role as a main energy source, governments are worried about its sustained availability and work to reduce reliance on imports. It’s actually up for debate whether oil qualifies as a political commodity. The main industrial players- The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) producers and the major international oil companies in the past- have been mainly focused on preventing excess supply and a subsequent price collapse for the past century or more. The intricacies of the Middle-East’s oil trade and its strategic partnership with the U.S underscore the intricate interplay of geopolitics, economics, and energy. The United States has shaped decades of diplomatic and strategic policy by maintaining a substantial reliance on the resources of the Middle-East as one of the biggest historical users of oil. Close relationships with important oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Iraq have been cultivated by this reliance, but tensions have also been heightened by disparate political and cultural beliefs. Due to its oil wealth, the Middle-East has been a focus point for U.S. foreign policy, including alliances, trade agreements and military actions, in addition to having an impact on international markets. But with rising domestic oil production in the United States and a changing global energy picture.
Historical evolution of US-Middle-East oil politics
If we are permitted to divide human history into eras (usur) and phases (marahil), then one of the most important traits that materialized in the modern era is the discovery of oil. For an overview of conjectural analysis and a formulation that resonates with what I have in mind, see Hart (2020) While the importance of oil in human history was obvious to Munif, what most preoccupied him in his writings was understanding the social relations that shaped the geopolitics of oil, particularly between the countries of the Middle-East and the western powers.
Geopolitical strategy, changing global dynamics, and commercial interests have all influenced the historical development of U.S-Middle-East oil politics. The partnership dates back to the early 1900, when American oil firms started investigating and exploiting oil reserves in the Middle-East, especially in Saudi Arabia. This eventually became a vital component of the energy security of the United States. The U.S. and Saudi Arabia have had a long-standing partnership based on the trade of energy resources for military and economic backing, which began with the creation of Saudi Aramco in the 1930.
In order to guarantee access to this essential commodity, the United States strengthened its relations with Middle Eastern countries after World War II, when oil became a crucial strategic resource. The formalization of the U.S.-Saudi oil-for-security alliance was marked by the 1945 meeting between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Saudi King Abdulaziz aboard the USS Quincy. In addition to its own economy, the United States saw Middle Eastern oil as crucial to preserving Western dominance and thwarting Soviet influence in the region during the Cold War. As a result, the United States became heavily involved in the region, supporting authoritarian governments like the Shah’s Iran that suited its objectives. U.S.-Middle East oil politics underwent a sea change in 1973 when the Arab oil embargo was imposed in retaliation for U.S. backing for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. The crisis made America’s reliance on oil vulnerable and increased attention to domestic production, energy diversification, and strategic stockpiling, which resulted in the establishment of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. In spite of this, the Middle East continued to play a major role in U.S. energy policy, encouraging military actions like the Gulf War in 1990-1991 to preserve regional stability and safeguard oil supplies.
The American shale revolution in the 21st century reduced the United States dependency on imported oil and started to change the oil dynamic between the United States and the Middle East. The Middle East’s status as a global energy hub and its ability to affect oil prices through OPEC, however, meant that the U.S. continued to prioritize the region for its geopolitical significance. Additionally, the United States kept its strategic military presence in place to protect shipping routes, like the Strait of Hormuz, which is still vital to the world’s oil trade.
As tensions in the Middle-East increase and global energy transitions occur, the connection is changing today. Despite its decreased reliance on Middle Eastern oil, the United States’ foreign policy is still influenced by its past relationships, especially with Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States. A change in power dynamics is also signaled by the emergence of China and other international actors in the Middle East oil market, which further muddies the historical interactions between the United States and the area in terms of politics, strategy, and oil.
The Geopolitical Landscape: Oil’s Power and Influence
The mechanics of world development desire for power maximization congenially concentrated on the Middle East oil cruces. The dependence of industrial world energy diverted steadily on crude oil and petroleum products whose 30 to 70 percent went to be depended on imported oil from Middle-East. It became the life support and the guaranty of Western powers and Japan’s the industrial economy. To make it contingent and to ensure the smooth and barrier-free the oil-shipping oceanic routes for tanker-fleets, and to oxidize the world engineering heartland the military-political powers of the Allies particular the USA/UK/Dutch and French with energetic shoulders made effective control on the transit routes and oceanic lines. Oil strategy appeared as political strategy which changed the World Politics into Oil Politics.[1]
The Arabian oil wells and the Persian Gulf were technically under the control of Western corporations. They were allocated proportionately or completely by the concessionaire agreements that were negotiated between the foreign oil firms and the producing hosts with geographic restrictions. In accordance with global supply and demand symmetry and asymmetry, the oil drainage quantity was determined with the mixed approval and advice of M.E. ruling elites. M.E politics has been significantly influenced by international restrictions and is nemesis of revolutionary rather than evolutionary transformation. The strategic struggle between the major powers was dominated by its political-economic core expansion.
Domestic politics have been permanently impacted by capitalism in the middle of the 20th century and the subsequent reflection of imperialism. Western technology, military might, and market penetration are deep sea.[2]
From a distance, the negative blue engraving can be seen as the Western neo-imperialism/ capitalism insurgency in the form of neo-Liberalism for Western bridgehead: the rise of Israel, the transit routes for oil reservoirs, and to fill the power vacuums and foster the continuation of fragmentation- the externally desired diplomatic outcome of destabilization processes.
Oil’s enormous power and impact in forming international politics, economies, and alliances are highlighted by its geopolitical environment. Oil has always been at the core of international relations, fostering both collaboration and conflict as a vital resource for industrialization and economic expansion. This dynamic has focused on the Middle-East, which has the greatest proven oil reserves in the world. Oil is both a boon and a cause of conflict for the region. Powerful nations like the US, Russia, and China have fought for control of oil-rich regions, frequently combining strategic military and diplomatic initiatives with energy policy. Groups like OPEC have considerable influence over international oil prices, which affects economies all around the world and shapes political choices in countries that purchase oil. Furthermore, oil plays a role in international diplomacy, sanctions, and negotiations as an instrument of leverage, going beyond economic considerations. Although the global energy revolution and the drive for renewable energy sources have started to undermine oil’s hegemony in recent years, its geopolitical importance is still strong, influencing alliances, conflicts, and national agendas as they navigate an uncertain energy future.
Unveiling the Tapestry of Oil Politics in the Middle-East
America’s relationship with the Middle-East is a different plot of a drama. America sometimes calls Iran or Iraq a terrorist state and at the same time establishes good relations with Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar. America actually follows a dual policy. The Muslims of Syria are militants, the Muslims of Iran are militants, the Muslims of Iraq are militants but has a very sweet relationship with the Muslims of Saudi Arabia. So it can be said that America follows a different policy with each country in the Middle East and creates foreign escapes.
America, under the guise of human rights, exerts a two-pronged influence in world politics. There is no obstacle or criticism when human rights are violated in Israel and Palestine. They have no concern about human rights in Abu Dhabi. They only repeatedly raise the issue of human rights violations against enemy countries and are trying to minimize their influence in world politics. America promotes democracy, but as long as Saudi Arabia and Qatar are not democratic, there is no obstacle in their bilateral relations. At the same time, they are trying to promote democracy in Iran and Iraq. America has no set ground or principles when it comes to foreign policy. The human rights violations that are happening in Israel – Palestine should not be tolerated by any world leader, the whole world is watching. American doctors are coming to Palestine to treat the injured. World leaders are silent on the Israel-Palestine issue today for their political interests. The United Nations is also playing a silent role today. The issue of human rights violations is not only political, it is an economic issue. Different organizations have found a market for weapons. America and European countries have a complex economic relationship with the Middle East. We will see the rise and fall of this complex relationship in this chapter. How America, the great power, is minimizing the Middle-East and oil politics and reducing the influence of the Middle-East in world politics.
In the world politics we have been seen that the oil politics of middle- east put an influence. But the new version of oil politics will express this chapter. First of all, This chapter will invent the prosperity and economic development of middle-east beyond oil trade. The major causes of middles-east economic improvement will outline below:
Mostakim Bin Motahar, Associate Professor of International Politics, Jahangirnagor University, said about the economical prosperity of Middle-East. He emphasizes the oil impact in globally reduced because of the alternative initiative have been adopted. He indicated the major 7 causes of Middle-East economic development, that the statement of this chapter, which outlines below:
- “The Middle-East is a safe haven for the world’s illicit money-tax free
- Attractive tourism was built by Middle-East
- Middle East construction is improving
- Improvement of housing sector
- The headquarters and main branches of the world’s large companies are in the Middle-East
- Middle-East is the best place of entertainment and a social status being an owner of house in Middle-East
- Maximum Industrial dill was built in Middle-East”
1. The Middle-East is a safe haven for the world’s illicit money-tax free
Due to its strategic economic policies, geographic location, and opaque financial institutions, the Middle-East has a reputation as a hotbed of illegal money. To draw in international money and foreign investments, a number of nations in the region have purposefully developed tax-free zones and lenient banking laws. In addition to spurring quick economic expansion and development, this has made it easier for financial crimes like tax evasion and money laundering to occur. Due to lax implementation of international financial accountability norms and little oversight, offshore financial centers in the Gulf, such Dubai and Bahrain, have become popular places for people and businesses to hide illegal money. The use of real estate markets in places like Dubai, where big cash transactions and anonymous property purchases frequently go unregulated, as a way to launder money exacerbates this problem. Furthermore, untraceable money transactions are made possible via informal financial networks like hawala systems, which are widespread in the area and offer an additional degree of anonymity. Because of its political unrest in some regions and its determination to keep its position as a financial center, the Middle-East continues to be a desirable location for wealth concealment despite international pressure and accords meant to stop illegal financial flows. This dynamic emphasizes how urgently increased openness and collaboration with international regulatory agencies are needed to reduce the hazards connected to these practice. It is an unfortunate truism that tragedy, violence, and bloodshed attract more attention than do the routine patterns and daily rhythms of peaceful human life. The classic mantra of journalism if it bleeds, it leads has meant that the Middle-East remains prominent in print and broadcast media alike, and that images of bloodshed dominate the Western imagination of the region.[3]
2. Attractive tourism was built by Middle-East
By leveraging its contemporary infrastructure, natural beauties, and rich cultural legacy, the Middle-East has established a diversified and appealing tourism economy. Famous locations like Dubai, with its futuristic cityscape, upscale retail, and top-notch entertainment, have established the area as a major international hub for both business and pleasure travel. Jordan is home to sights like Petra, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World, while Egypt attracts millions of tourists each year to its ancient wonders, such as the Pyramids of Giza and the Nile River. In order to attract tourists looking for unusual and lavish experiences, the area has also made significant investments in building man-made wonders including artificial islands, luxurious resorts, and state-of-the-art amusement parks. The Middle-East also provides options for adventure travel, ranging from exploring enormous
3. Middle-East construction is improving
Due to ambitious projects, fast urbanization, and attempts at economic diversification, the Middle-East is seeing impressive developments in the building industry. Cities with famous buildings like the Burj Khalifa and state-of-the-art infrastructure, including Dubai, Riyadh, and Doha, have emerged as emblems of contemporary architectural innovation. As a sign of their strong commitment to prosperity that is focused on the future, governments throughout the region are making significant investments in ambitious projects, such as sustainable developments like Masdar City in Abu Dhabi and smart cities like Saudi Arabia’s NEOM. Modern airports, high-speed rail systems, and massive road expansions are just a few examples of the region’s attempts to improve transportation networks outside of urban areas. To maintain a balance between modernity and heritage, the emphasis on construction also extends to tourism, cultural preservation, and residential housing. With technological breakthroughs, sustainable.
4. Improvement of housing sector
Population growth, urbanization, and government measures to fulfill the growing need for cheap and sustainable living spaces have all contributed to the recent dramatic improvement in the Middle East’s housing industry. Nations such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar have initiated comprehensive housing initiatives to cater to the need of its nationals and foreigners. In Saudi Arabia, the Vision 2030 plan has made building residential units through collaborations with private developers a top priority. Meanwhile, the United Arab Emirates has made investments in sustainable housing solutions and smart city initiatives. The region’s supply of high-quality homes has increased thanks to the application of cutting-edge construction technologies like 3D printing and modular building. In order to ensure more inclusive urban expansion, affordable housing projects are also being constructed to serve middle- and low-income families. Modern urban planning, improved infrastructure, and an emphasis on developing livable communities all contribute to these advancements, making the housing sector a major force behind socioeconomic development in the Middle-East.
5. The headquarters and main branches of the world’s large companies are in the Middle-East
The Middle-East’s strategic location, economic growth, and business-friendly legislation have made it a desirable location for the headquarters and main branches of some of the biggest firms in the world. For global firms looking to forge a significant presence in the area, cities like Dubai, Riyadh, and Doha have become popular choices. Due to its modern infrastructure, political stability, and tax-free zones, the UAE in particular has drawn a lot of international businesses. Saudi Arabia has provided access to one of the fastest-growing markets by encouraging foreign businesses to relocate their regional headquarters to Riyadh through its Vision 2030 project. The Middle East is an attractive location for international operations because of its function as a bridge linking Asia, Europe, and Africa. Businesses in industries including technology, finance, energy, and logistics gain from the area’s strong infrastructure, highly qualified labor population, and close proximity to developing markets. The growing significance of the Middle East in the global economy is highlighted by this concentration of corporate power.[4]
The headquarters and major branches of many of the biggest companies in the world, including those in the energy, financial, technological, logistical, and tourist sectors, are firmly located in the Middle East. A number of factors support this expansion, including the region’s advantageous location at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa, which makes it simple to access international supply chains and markets. World-class infrastructure, cutting-edge communication networks, and internationally connected airports make cities like Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Riyadh, and Doha perfect sites for both domestic and international business. Multinational firms are further drawn to free trade zones like Dubai’s Jebel Ali Free Zone and Abu Dhabi Global Market because they offer tax breaks, streamlined regulations, and 100% foreign ownership policy.
6. Middle-East is the best place of entertainment and a social status being an owner of house in Middle-East
The Middle-East offers a distinctive blend of contemporary attractions, cultural experiences, and an upscale lifestyle, solidifying its position as one of the world’s top destinations for entertainment, luxury, and social prominence. Some of the most opulent and state-of-the-art entertainment venues can be found in cities like Dubai, Doha, and Riyadh. These include international football tournaments, Formula 1 races, and enormous retail malls with indoor ski slopes, as well as luxury movie theaters and waterparks. Along with drawing international superstars and high-profile events, the area has developed into a destination for world-class concerts, art exhibits, fashion presentations, and fine cuisine. The Middle-East offers a lifestyle that suits a variety of preferences, whether it’s the excitement of desert safaris, the charm of immaculate beaches, or the grandeur of architectural wonders.
In the Middle East, owning a home is more than just a place to live; it is a symbol of success, riches, and distinction. Properties in the area, such as opulent apartments in Doha’s West Bay or beachfront villas on Dubai’s The Palm Jumeirah, frequently have stunning designs, contemporary conveniences, and breath-taking vistas. Owning a home in such recognizable areas not only improves social standing but also provides unmatched comfort and access to the best recreational and entertainment options. The region’s governments have further increased the allure for investors and expatriates by introducing residency and immigration perks linked to real estate ownership. The Middle-East continues to be a desirable location for individuals looking for an entertaining and socially recognized lifestyle due to its combination of luxury, status, and investment opportunities.
7. Maximum Industrial dill was built in Middle-East
Due to large investments in the development of industrial facilities and economic zones throughout the area, the Middle-East has emerged as a center for industrial expansion. Efforts to diversify economies beyond oil and gas have been the driving force behind this change, encouraging expansion in industries including technology, petrochemicals, manufacturing, and logistics. To draw in both domestic and foreign investors, nations like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar have built sizable industrial cities and zones, notably Dubai Industrial City and Jubail Industrial City in Saudi Arabia. These zones assist sectors ranging from steel production and aluminum smelting to medicines and renewable energy thanks to their cutting-edge infrastructure, contemporary logistical networks, and energy-efficient facilities. Besides this The consequences of the new militarization policy were considerable. Although the policies were not immediately destabilizing, they did help lay the foundation for the era of violence and insecurity that followed. As militarization became a regional phenomenon, it also emboldened Gulf dictators, who became increasingly assertive and threatening to one another. Rising tensions in the Gulf, most notably between Iran and Iraq, were the result of complicated domestic and regional politics.[5]
Why has the influence of Middle East oil declined in world politics?
Due to a number of interconnected issues, Middle Eastern oil’s significance in global politics has decreased. First, as nations progressively engage in renewable energy technologies like wind, solar, and hydroelectric power, the world’s energy supplies have become more diverse, reducing reliance on oil. The demand for oil, especially for transportation, which was historically the biggest user of petroleum, has decreased as a result of the shift to cleaner energy sources and the increasing popularity of electric vehicles. The main reasons are outline below:
America has started producing oil and has also started selling some of it and reduced dependence on the Middle-East and oil reservation
Through increased domestic oil production, decreased reliance on Middle Eastern oil, and even recent net oil exports, the United States has drastically changed its energy picture. Developments in extraction technology, especially horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking), have fueled this change by opening up enormous shale oil and natural gas deposits. Large oil-producing areas, like the Permian Basin in Texas and New Mexico, have developed into major energy hubs that allow the United States to meet a significant amount of its domestic energy needs and export excess oil to foreign markets.
The Middle East presently produces about a third of the world’s oil. The most important producers there, ranked according to 2018 production, are
For reference, U.S. oil production in 2018 (per the BP Statistical Review) was 15.3 million BPD, which was more than the total from Iran, Iraq, and the UAE.[6]
In 2018, Saudi Arabia accounted for 57% and Iraq for 33% of the region’s total crude oil imports. The Gulf Coast and West Coast are the main destinations for these imports from the Middle East. With 4.3 million BPD (43 percent) of U.S. oil imports in 2018, Canada is currently the largest supplier.
It’s crucial to remember that this is not a net import number, even if U.S. imports could appear high given the sharp increase in shale oil output in the country. Oil and completed goods like gasoline are also exported by the United States. From a peak of 12.5 million BPD in 2005 to 2.3 million BPD in 2018, the net import number has decreased.
In 2001, U.S. oil imports from Persian Gulf nations peaked at 2.8 million barrels per day, according to the Energy Information Administration. That represented 23% of all U.S. imports of crude oil at the time (11.9 million BPD).[7]
Although American oil output had started to increase by 2008, American demand had also increased. Although the total amount of crude oil imported had increased to 12.9 million barrels per day, the Persian Gulf’s contribution had decreased to 2.4 million barrels per day (18.6%).
The effects of U.S. shale oil output were clearly visible in 2018. The amount of crude oil imported into the United States had decreased to 9.9 million barrels per day, with the Persian Gulf accounting for less than 1.6 million barrels per day (15.9 percent). In 2018, Saudi Arabia accounted for 57% and Iraq for 33% of the region’s total crude oil imports. The Gulf Coast and West Coast are the main destinations for these imports from the Middle East. In 2018, Canada supplied 4.3 million barrels per day (43 percent of the total), making it the largest supplier of oil imports into the United States. It’s crucial to remember that this is not a net import number, even if U.S. imports could appear high given the sharp increase in shale oil output in the country. Oil and completed goods like gasoline are also exported by the United States. From a peak of 12.5 million BPD in 2005 to 2.3 million BPD in 2018, the net import number has decreased. In fact, for the first time in at least 70 years, the monthly net import number turned into a net export number for the past two months that the EIA has reported, September and October 2019.
Thus, although the United States’ reliance on Middle Eastern oil has decreased, the region’s oil production has increased by almost 5 million barrels per day over the last ten years. Therefore, compared to ten years ago, the rest of the globe now uses more oil from the region. Additionally, around 20% of the world’s oil travels through Middle Eastern waters that border Iran. Therefore, if the situation in the region worsens, a sizable portion of the world’s oil supply may be in jeopardy.
The aim of sustainable development-alternative fuel innovation of oil
Reducing global reliance on conventional fossil fuels, like oil, and promoting cleaner, more renewable energy sources with less of an adverse effect on the environment are the goals of sustainable development in the context of alternative fuel innovation. The discovery of alternative fuels to supplement or replace oil in powering transportation, industry, and energy production is becoming more and more important as worries about resource depletion, climate change, and air pollution increase. The key to this change is the development of renewable energy sources like hydrogen, wind, solar, biofuels, and better battery technology. A more robust and sustainable energy system that lowers greenhouse gas emissions, improves energy security, and promotes long-term environmental stewardship can be achieved by the global economy by switching to these options.
Economic and human development are hampered by a lack of access to energy sources and transformation systems. Numerous renewable and non-renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, biofuels, natural gas, coal, petroleum, and uranium, are found in the environment.
Global climate change will result from increased usage of fossil fuels without steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation are aided by energy efficiency and increased usage of renewable energy sources. Ecosystem preservation and upkeep enable the use and advancement of hydropower and bioenergy sources.[8]
Electric vehicle reduce influence of oil politics of Middle-East
Engineering specialists at be Works automation have secured a £68,200 (USD$86,400) grant from the Innovate UK Design Foundations Grant, designed to fund research and studies on Voice-User-Interface (VUI) technology. It is hoped that this technology will go on to support EV drivers with disabilities.
Alongside their design partner, Kinneir Dufort, the two will conduct research and feasibility studies surrounding the challenges of Al-incorporated Voice-User-Interface technology for EV charging. With a focus on accessibility challenges, this will look at the impact of EV charging on individuals with disabilities. One of the biggest drawbacks to owning an EV is the time a battery takes to charge, but battery swapping allows a driver to exchange their empty battery, with a fully charged one, to get them back on the road. China’s automotive technology leader Zhejiang Geely Holding Group has signed a strategic partnership agreement with NIO regarding battery standards, battery swapping technology, battery swapping network expansion, swappable model development and also battery asset management.[9]
Economic and human development is hampered by a lack of access to energy sources and transformation systems. Numerous renewable and non-renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, biofuels, natural gas, coal, petroleum, and uranium, are found in the environment.
Global climate change will result from increased usage of fossil fuels without steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation are aided by energy efficiency and increased usage of renewable energy sources. Ecosystem preservation and upkeep enable the use and advancement of hydropower and bioenergy sources. This change may lessen the Middle East’s economic and political clout in international energy debates, reducing the energy markets’ vulnerability to changes in the price of oil and regional geopolitical unrest. A more balanced and diverse global energy environment may also be ushered in by the region’s stranglehold on global energy being further undermined by the switch to renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydrogen.
The Middle East may become less dependent on oil exports as EV adoption picks up speed, which would result in a significant change in the dynamics of the world’s energy supply. As a result of this shift, oil-producing nations in the area may decide to diversify their economies because oil sales are no longer a significant source of income or a vital component of international trade. These nations may respond by making more investments in renewable energy sources, including wind and solar, utilizing their natural resources to create new economic pillars. New geopolitical alliances are also fostered by the changing energy landscape, as nations look for energy cooperation that is not exclusively reliant on oil.
Conclusion
In summary, the Middle East’s oil trade dynamics have been crucial in determining the strategic partnership between the US and the area for many years. In order to sustain energy security and support its economic might worldwide, the United States has long depended on Middle Eastern oil. To guarantee the stability of this essential supply, it has also offered military and diplomatic assistance to important oil-producing countries. But if the world’s energy markets change, the West’s reliance on Middle Eastern oil may be lessened due to the increased use of electric vehicles and renewable energy, which would lead to a reassessment of these long-standing ties. Although oil will continue to play a significant role in world politics for some time to come, the shifting energy landscape may lead to a shift in the priorities of U.S. foreign policy in the region. With the United States and Middle Eastern countries adjusting to a world that is becoming less dependent on fossil fuels, this change may result in new alliances, a greater emphasis on economic and technological cooperation, and a decreased reliance on traditional military engagement. In the end, how the Middle East and the United States handle this shift to sustainable energy and reinterpret their respective positions in a fast evolving global energy economy will determine the future of their ties.
[1] Lenczowski G, (1960: 179). Lencozowski (1960), Oil and state in the Middle East, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, p-179
[2] Brown L.C, Brown, L.C. (1984). International politics and the Middle East: Old rules, dangerous game, London: L.B. Taurus Princeton University Press, p-208
[3] Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, Jillian Schwedler and Deborah J. Gerner, page 1
[4] Gerner, Deborah J. 2004. “Introduction.” P. 1–4 in Deborah J. Gerner and Jillian Schwedler, Understanding the Contemporary Middle East. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
[5] America, Oil, and War in the Middle East Toby Craig Jones page. 209
[6] How The U.S. Has Reduced Its Dependence On Middle East Oil By Robert Rapier – Jan 15, 2020, 4:00 PM CST
[7] How The U.S. Has Reduced Its Dependence On Middle East Oil By Robert Rapier – Jan 15, 2020, 4:00 PM CST
[8] SDG Issue Brief on Ensuring Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All
[9] Helen Sydne Adams, Innovations in Electric Vehicles, April10,2024.
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